Parkinson's Disease
A progressive neurological condition in which dopamine-producing nerve cells in the brain break down.
Overview
In Parkinson's disease, nerve cells in the brain called neurons slowly break down or die. Many symptoms are caused by the loss of neurons that produce dopamine, a chemical messenger. Decreased dopamine leads to irregular brain activity, causing movement problems. People with Parkinson's disease also lose norepinephrine, which controls functions such as blood pressure.
The cause is unknown, but several factors seem to play a role. Specific genetic changes are linked to the disease, though these are rare unless many family members are affected. Exposure to certain toxins or environmental factors — pesticides, well water, MPTP — may increase risk, but no environmental factor has been proved to be a cause.
Many changes happen in the brains of people with Parkinson's disease, including the presence of Lewy bodies (clumps of protein) and alpha-synuclein found within them, which researchers believe holds an important clue to the cause.
Common symptoms
- Tremor, often beginning in a hand or fingers at rest
- Slowed movement (bradykinesia)
- Muscle rigidity and stiffness
- Impaired posture and balance
- Loss of automatic movements such as blinking or arm swing
- Softer speech and smaller handwriting
Prevention & self-care
- Maintain regular aerobic exercise and balance training
- Keep home spaces clear to reduce fall risk
- Attend neurology reviews alongside supportive care
- Involve family in daily routine planning
When to see a doctor
See a clinician for a new resting tremor, repeated falls, sudden worsening of movement, or difficulty swallowing.
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